Category Rendering

Topics explaining how game engines render an artist's artwork.

Rendering Techniques

Rendering for games usually means the scene has to be rendered in real-time, in response to the player changing the 3D world.

In real-time rendering, the scene needs to be re-rendered very quickly, at least 30 frames per second (fps). Rendering techniques for games are speedy hacks, they are "close enough" to create good results, without taking minutes or hours to render each frame.

Rendering for games is constantly evolving, as new consumer hardware gets faster and faster, allowing graphics programmers to implement ever-better rendering features. Games are increasingly adding rendering techniques that were once only used for non-real-time special effects rendering in movies and commercials.

Global Illumination (GI)

GI calculates how light touches objects in a scene, and bounces off (or through) to illuminate other objects nearby. Because light is scattered by these bounces, GI renders soft shadows and colored light bleeding, creating more realistic lighting.

Global illumination is expensive to render, but there are various approximations in use in games rendering...

Image Based Lighting (IBL)

Image based lighting surrounds the scene with a dome or sphere, which is mapped with an image. This image contributes lighting to everything inside it. Bright parts of the image create brighter lighting on the sides of objects that face that direction.

This is very fast to render, so it can be used in real-time.

IBL approximates global illumination, because the image can have multiple light sources, and can simulate light bouncing off distant surfaces to illuminate the scene objects. However it does not handle nearby light bounces... objects inside the scene don't bounce light onto each other.

Marmoset Toolbag and Skyshop are real-time rendering engines that use image based lighting.

Spherical Harmonic Lighting (SH)

Wikipedia

Physically Based Rendering (PBR)

• Physically based rendering in games Polycount forum thread
• UDK Physically Based Lighting! Polycount forum thread
• TGA Physically Based Lighting CGFX Shader for Maya Viewport Polycount forum thread
• Ready at Dawn's Material system Polycount forum thread
• Game environments – Part A: rendering Remember Me on fxguide.com
• Physically Based Rendering for Artists by Andrew Maximov
• Albedo is pure colour, no lighting information baked in like we do currently with diffuse maps.
• Roughness is calculated in a specifically measured way and requires a 0-1 input only. Gloss can interpolate that input to a greater range where Roughness "shouldn't".
• Reflectance is again, a measured value for a material. there are plenty of sources online which you can get the measured reflective colours for various materials. typically speaking, most non-metals fall into a white 0.04 range, while metals (having no albedo and being pure reflection) have much higher, coloured reflectance. Specular is something that, along with gloss, artists have to fudge to get a pleasing look.
• Overall, PBR is more about measured results rather than mixing in 3 different maps in different proportions to achieve a look.

Rendering Articles

• Brief Considerations About Materials by Pedro Toledo is a great explanation of how specular works in computer graphics, including dialetric and conductor surfaces, and why people use inverse-hue specular color maps. In the Polycount thread about this article, Jordan 'JordanW' Walker explains how gamma affects specular color as well.
• Model Presentation Polycount wiki page has links to rendering tutorials.

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